Hiv/Aids Essay - 1086 Words

HIV/AIDS BSHS302 May 21, 2012 Faye Flanagan HIV/AIDS Social issues facing HIV/AIDS today are as diverse as the people that are affected by the disease. Advocating for a large group of people takes action at the macro human service practice. The goals and intervention strategies will be similar to micro human service and will involve the same strategies to bring justice to human rights for all members of society. One strategy is including a broader range of other diversity in research in gender studies, including gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people (GLBT). Men and GLBT people have not been addressed in mainstream research. These groups make up a large contingent of the population that is affected with HIV/AIDS today.†¦show more content†¦By working together the group can achieve more. HIV/AIDS first appeared in the homosexual/bisexual community in various urban centers in North America and spread rapidly in these groups. HIV/AIDS first emerged in North America among homosexual and bisexual men and is still more common in that group most of the AIDS services have been geared to gay men, leaving women without adequate support and/or treatment. In the past few years, pharmaceutical companies have developed medications that slow down the effects of HIV/AIDS. When the disease first came out in the United States, everyone was afraid to breathe around the patients with HIV/AIDS or who had been exposed to the patients at all because they thought it might be contagious, which they were proven wrong because it’s not contagious at all. No one has to be afraid to get close to the patients who have the disease. The only way you can get the disease is through sexual contact with the patient or a contaminated needle used on the patient or sharing needles (as in drug addic ts). Since no one knows who has the disease, without extensive testing, everyone seems suspected of having the disease until proven differently because of how people had felt about the disease. To me, this is ridiculous, but one can understand the reasoning behind it, but now that I know how what when I may or others can contact the disease. It is best to be safe than sorry. AfricanShow MoreRelated AIDS/HIV Essay2283 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles and syringes, mother to child (perinatal) and contaminated blood product (National Association of Health Authorities, 1988). 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Late HIV diagnosis remains a major problem among black Africans in England. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late (HPA, 2008a). This compromises their survival chances becauseRead MoreThe Immune System: HIV/AIDS Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesHIV is a world pandemic that has caused the death of â€Å"30 million† (CDC – Statistics Overview – Statistics Center – HIV/AIDS, CDC) innocent lives. HIV is devastating virus that destroys people’s immune systems and leaves them vulnerable to other diseases. HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which means that the virus is found only in humans and targets the immune system. The virus kills CD4 cells, cells in the immune system that fight off infections and diseases. HIV has been aroundRead MoreEssay about Hiv and Aids in Prisons1629 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HIV and AIDS in Prison HIV and AIDS in Prisons Heather Cooper CJ242 Mr. Thompson April 24, 2013 Kaplan College-Southeast Abstract The following pages contain information on the AIDS and HIV epidemic within the United States prison system. The characteristics of these inmates will be discussed and how well this population adjusts to the environment. There are some treatments and services provided to these inmates in and outside the walls of the prison. The public views areRead MoreEssay on The Controversy Over HIV/AIDS Disclosure Law1360 Words   |  6 Pageswith the HIV virus. About six percent of them will not inform their intimate partners about their health condition. Many efforts that have been made over the past decade towards establishing a HIV/AIDS law, have finally paid off. The act of disclosing the virus was written in 1990. It caused quite a stir among the citizens of the United States. Many people concluded that there were holes in the disclosure law concerning HIV/AIDS because it lacked complete thought. Some felt that if HIV positive peopleRead Moreessay on hiv-aids1669 Words   |  7 Pages200 0 words essay on: HIV-AIDS AIDS, The full form is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus). It is a condition in which the built in defence system of the body breaks down completely. This phenomenon is gradual but ultimately leads to total depletion of a very important cell component of the immune mechanism. Thus those who are affected are unable to combat with common diseases including even mildRead MoreAIDS and HIV Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesHIV, or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus which damages and kills cells of the immune system. It attacks the T-cells, key cells of the immune system, and uses them to make copies of itself. After being infected with the virus it progressively interferes and eventually destroys the immune systems ability to fight the anti-genes. HIV may develop into the syndrome AIDS, the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV is an STD - a sexually transmitted disease - and therefore most commonly itRead MoreHIV and AIDS Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pages HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease in which the bodys immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off certain infections, known as opportunistic infections, and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system. When a person is infectedRead MoreHiv/Aids Essay2430 Words   |  10 PagesHIV/AIDS AWARENESS Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) brings a lot of cruel thoughts to an individual’s mind because of the amount of misconceptions about this disease. An example of this would be that there are a lot of people that will say you shouldn’t share a drink with someone who has HIV or AIDS because of the risk of contracting the virus, which is untrue. A person will not contract the virus from sharing a drink, or utensil or even fromRead MoreHiv/Aids in Africa Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesSub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world that is most affected by HIV/AIDS. The United Nations reports that an estimated 25.4 million people are living with HIV and that approximately 3.1 million new infections occurred in 2004. To put these figures in context, more than 60 percent of the people living with the infection reside in Africa. Even these staggering figures do not quite capture the true extent and impact that this disease causes on the continent. In 1998, about 200,000 Africans diedRead MoreThe Hiv/Aids Moral Panic. Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe HIV/AIDS moral panic. In human societies there will always be issues or problems that occur which cause some form of reaction from those who feel that their values or societal equilibrium is being threatened. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young led the way in explaining the notion of moral panics and how they are formed and their consequences on society. There have been numerous of these moral phenomena over the years, which have gripped society in a vice lock of terror and more often than not

We Need Renewable Energy And Fast Energy - 1753 Words

Imagine a world where money no longer had value and the only thing of worth was oil. This very well could be the foreseeable future as our dependence upon fossil fuels grows and the supply dwindles. We need to see a change in the way we use these irreplaceable fuels by attacking the source of consumption. Our cars. By sharing technology that was developed centuries ago, our current automobiles are a thing of the past. Technology is always advancing, but for some reason all this technology can only make it possible for me to send Tweets while I am sitting in rush hour traffic. Instead, there needs to be a change in power plant of these automobiles, we need renewable energy and fast. A world without oil is inevitably coming and it seems we are ill prepared. Current combustion engine powered vehicles must become extinct or else we will, due to the crumbling amount of oil left, the horrible pollution burning these fuels cause, and the fact that buying a hybrid will not make this problem go away; it could actually intensify it. As the rise of automobiles came about in the 20th century, the oil industry grew in response to the need for fossil fuels. The modern day automobile is in many ways different from the very first iterations of the car, however, they share one trait. The use of the internal combustion engine. While centuries ago this technology was amazing, it seems the advancements have slowed. Everyone is content with the cars of today, and why shouldn’t they be? On theShow MoreRelatedRenewable Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1240 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in a world where we have to rely on resources such as fossil fuels in order to provide us energy. 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The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(32) " held responsible for clean up\." The Gowanus Creek Canal is a canal in the Brooklyn, NY that was late designated as a Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency. To acquire a full apprehension of the complicated nature of this, I will give a full background of the Superfund every bit good as the Gowanus Creek Canal. What is the Superfund? Harmonizing to the EPA, â€Å" Superfund is the federal authorities ‘s plan to clean up the state ‘s uncontrolled risky waste sites. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now †[ 1 ]Now the Superfund came approximately as a consequence of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. What brought about the Superfund? This act itself was a merchandise of the assorted dumping sites including the Love Canal and the Times Beach catastrophes. The Love Canal was likely the biggest catastrophe dirt at the clip. The Love Canal was named for William T. Love, who desired to construct a community between upper and lower Niagara River in 1910.[ 2 ]It failed for a few grounds and by the 1920 ‘s had become a dumping land for municipal and industrial waste. The waste country was covered with soil, and was sold by the Hooker Chemical Company to the metropolis for $ 1.00. The metropolis would finally construct over 100 places and 1 school in the country. In 1978, the NY Times ran an article about the chemicals that were being detected in the country. In all 82 compounds were detected in the country ensuing in legion birth defects numbering 22,000 dozenss of toxic waste.[ 3 ]In fact, in one household a grandma had 4 grandchildren, two of whom were born with birth defects. One kid had a birth defect being an excess row of dentitions and cleft lip, while another had an oculus defect.[ 4 ] In mid 1978 there was an detonation and heavy rain autumn followed. After this detonation, big sum of chemicals began to seep/leek and bubble in the land from all over the Love Canal Community. Citizens developed high white blood cell counts and the metropolis was finally abandoned under province orders. President Jimmy Carter issued an exigency fiscal assistance ( the foremost of its sort outside of a natural catastrophe ) , and finally over 200 households moved and the province purchased the places with about 7 million dollars.[ 5 ]This finally led to series of Acts of the Apostless including The Clean Air and Water Acts, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Pesticide Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act ; all of whom are critical in the defence of the wellness of the state. So how does the Superfund work? Well the Superfund was developed in the 1980 ‘s as a consequence of the antecedently mentioned Love Canal Disaster. It gave the authorities the power to coerce companies that polluted countries to besides clean up the countries that they polluted. The job with this though was that many companies merely did non hold the money or had gone out of concern.[ 6 ]As a consequence of this a revenue enhancement was developed on companies that developed toxic waste and this money was placed into a trust fund. This trust fund was called the Superfund, and was utilized as needed for clean up. The Superfund was funded by three chief beginnings ( 1 ) revenue enhancements on net incomes from crude oil ( oil ) companies, ( 2 ) chemical feedstock revenue enhancement ( a revenue enhancement on 42 potentially risky chemicals ) and ( 3 ) a corporate AMT Tax on net incomes.[ 7 ]Other beginnings of support included ( 1 ) U.S. General Treasury, ( 2 ) cost recoveries from defilers, ( 3 ) involvement o n the fund, and ( 4 ) punishments.[ 8 ]Gas companies were peculiarly angered by the fact that they were forced to pay for 50 % of the revenue enhancement while merely being responsible for 20 % of the contaminated sites.[ 9 ]They were besides upset at the fact that many authorities owned countries were major defilers to superfund sites yet were non being taxed at the same rate. In the twelvemonth 1995, against the wants of President Clinton, the Republican controlled Congress ( reacting to industry ailments ) refused to reauthorize the Superfund Tax ( measure defeated 53-43 ) .[ 10 ]This was a alteration in political policy stance by the Republican Party under whom the Superfund Bill was ab initio authorized and passed ( under Republican President Ronald Reagan ) . By 2003, the Superfund was depleted ( from a high of 8.5 billion dollars ) and so President George W. Bush stated that he would non back up a corporate revenue enhancement to further fund the â€Å" Superfund † .[ 11 ]It was stated that much of the Superfund program is wasted on drawn-out judicial proceeding on finding who is responsible for the dearly-won clean up.[ 12 ] Current Status of Superfund Presently, money that has been directed towards the economic stimulation has been used for the Superfund program clean up sites to the melody of $ 600 million dollars.[ 13 ]The Superfund was supposed to be used in the instance of companies who might hold potentially damaged countries throughout the state were n’t able to pay. Many companies charge that guiltless parties are the 1s who are being held responsible, but you have companies like Vineland ( no longer in concern ) , that pay a superfund revenue enhancement of about $ 3million dollars and are responsible for over $ 120 million dollars in harm.[ 14 ]Simply put, if a company goes out of concern should they taxpayers who are genuinely guiltless be forced to pay for the clean up? The statement that all makers should n’t be held responsible for the wickednesss of the few is merely go throughing the vaulting horse to the authorities and revenue enhancement remunerators. Industries besides argue that some of the Superf und program sites are the consequence of landfills and storage installations that were used by local authorities and the armed forces.[ 15 ]They fail to recognize that the authorities does non separate between private and public entities when it measures those responsible for clean up ; so public entities are besides held responsible for clean up. You read "The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The Superfund is a kind of insurance policy ( which the authorities could coerce all chemical and oil companies to take out as a private insurance ) to forestall issues like the Love Canal Tragedy from reoccurring. When companies like Vineland go out of concern and the authorities has an duty to protect the people. As a consequence, the authorities must do step to guarantee clean up whether it is out of taxpayer money or company pooled money. The industry trade association, the American Chemistry Council, steadfastly believes that the Superfund should non be reinstated and all activities related to the Superfund program including killing should come from â€Å" general authorities gross. †[ 16 ] Recently, there has been talk of re-instating the Superfund revenue enhancement[ 17 ]At least 30 % of all Superfund program sites are orphaned sites where the authorities can non turn up those companies who damaged the environment or do n’t hold the fundss to execute any kind of clean up.[ 18 ]New Jersey which leads the state with 114 Superfund program sites[ 19 ], has been a beginning of one of the two measures have been proposed to re-instate the Superfund. Rep. Frank Pallone, D-N.J has introduced a measure, and Rep. Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore introduced another measure ( though similar ) to reintroduce the Superfund Tax. Neither of these measures though has made it past the House Committee.[ 20 ]In the Senate, New Jersey Congressman Frank Lautenberg attempted to present a similar Superfund measure, but this died in commission.[ 21 ]This is being opposed vehemently by the American Chemistry Council, which has retained council to forestall the reenactment of the Superfund program jurisprudence.[ 22 ] The recent budged bundle has included more money dedicated towards the EPA for killing, while suggesting revenue enhancements on certain industries.[ 23 ]Many industries have brought judicial proceeding every bit high as the US Supreme Court in an attempt to cut down the punishments and costs that might be brought against them for possible clean up.[ 24 ]One such instance, brought by Shell Oil Company, and decided 8-1 in favour of the company limits liability or killing from possible damagers whom had limited or minor duty for the pollution.[ 25 ]General Electric, the company responsible for much of the pollution in the Hudson River, has brought judicial proceeding disputing the Constitutionality of the Superfund jurisprudence,[ 26 ]saying that it does non let defilers the opportunity to dispute the punishments.[ 27 ] The recent BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico has besides strengthened the talk of regenerating the Superfund revenue enhancement for a assortment of grounds. This includes the restrictions that exist as a consequence of the Oil Pollution Act, which was passed in 1990 as a consequence of the Exxon Valdez Spill.[ 28 ]The restriction puts a cap of $ 75 million dollars for things outside of clean up costs like lost rewards or touristry dollars, but all killing costs are still the duty of the defiler. It is thought that the current killing could ensue in over $ 10 billion dollars in lost economic activity.[ 29 ] Gowanus Creek Canal The Gowanus Creek Canal has been called the â€Å" shortest † , â€Å" most of import † , â€Å" busiest † , but best known as the one of the â€Å" most contaminated † canals in the state.[ 30 ]It would gain the name Lavender Lake for the violet shade ( due to the oil movie that rested on the surface and acrid olfactory properties ) . In the early 19th century there was an increased demand for addition moorage and navigational infinite in New York City. As a consequence, the Gowanus Creek Canal began as with the mandate by the NY Legislature in 1849, by intensifying and widening the assorted brooks and recesss. It was carved out of tidal wetlands and brook and completed in 1869. It shortly became a busy waterway for a big sum of commercialism[ 31 ]and built up in 1881 to suit shippers and industrial users north of the Hamilton Bridge.[ 32 ]Standing at 1.8 stat mis the Gowanus Canal was a major finish point for Brownstone based in New Jersey. As a consequence you will see countries around the Canal in Brooklyn ( Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Red Hook and Park Slope ) with a big sum of brownstone houses. As a consequence of the Canal, there was a immense addition in the edifice of mills, warehouses, tanneries, coal shops, stone/coal paces, pigment, ink flour Millss, soap shapers, cement production, and fabricating gas refineries. In add-on since 1869, the Gowanus Canal has besides served as dumping land for sewerage,[ 33 ]industrial sewerage, refineries and chemical workss.[ 34 ]It was the site where chemical fertilisers were foremost produced.[ 35 ]Gowanus Bay itself was a fabrication centre for ship building and gas storage[ 36 ]( which may hold helped take to the increased pollution of the Canal ) . During this period edifice grew at a rate of about 700 per twelvemonth. Each required a sewerage system which finally emptied into the Gowanus Canal.[ 37 ] Due to the high degree of industrial pollution, big sum of risky stuff has been stuck at the underside of the country in and around the canal every bit good as significant airborne pollution. In 1890, as a consequence of utmost pollution, the Bond Street Sewer Pipe was constructed to let go of sewerage into NY Harbor ( this finally failed to function it ‘s purpose ) . By the terminal of the 19th century to World War I, the canal had over 6 million one-year dozenss of lading produced A ; trafficked and was as a consequence one of state ‘s busiest ( and arguably most contaminated ) H2O manner in the state. As a consequence of this big combination of industrial pollution, residential pollution, storm H2O run away and stale H2O a call for a clean up was made. The Canal had to be dredged on a regular basis in order to do it navigable due in big fact to the heavy sewerage that on a regular basis entered the waterway.[ 38 ]The metropolis responded by constructing a 12 pes diameter blushing canal to pump some of the sewerage out of the canal ( 1911 ) . In the 1950 ‘s, with increased changed in transporting engineering, New York experienced a major diminution in their industry. This every bit good as the motion of fabricating off from the New York City country led to the shutting of many mills. Last, the building of the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel led to competition for the canal boats for local transportation[ 39 ]because of the usage of trucks for transportation.[ 40 ]By the 1960 ‘s, the huge bulk of commercial activity was gone. In fact by the 1970 ‘s over 50 % of the belongings at the Gowanus was fresh and derelict[ 41 ]. The flushing tunnel that was used to pull out soiled H2O was broken ( by a metropolis worker who by chance[ 42 ]dropped a manhole screen into it ) . After this the canal became a dumping topographic point for a figure of topographic points including the Mafia. With the so called â€Å" Brownstone Revival † ( during the early 1980 ‘s ) in which many in-between category households left the suburbs to reenter the metropolis, there was a renewed activism to clean up the country.[ 43 ]After the find by scientists of typhus, enteric fever and a deadly strain of cholera in the H2O, the Red Hook sewerage intervention works was constructed ( 1989 ) , every bit good as the re-activation of the flushing tunnel and pump station ( 1999 ) .[ 44 ]The Red Hook intervention works has had mixed consequences in footings of effectivity ( due in big portion to floods in the system ) . With the re-activation of the flushing tunnel in 1999, the metropolis witnessed the first flow of â€Å" fresh † H2O from New York Harbor into the Gowanus Canal in 37 old ages.[ 45 ]The new pump brings in approximately 200 to 300 million gallons of oxygenated H2O into the canal per twenty-four hours.[ 46 ] Current Physical Condition and Possible Solutions Presently merely one company ( Bayside Fuel ) still uses the canal as a commercial waterway. Therefore every bit long as they are contained farther pollution can be prevented via industrial dumping. The canal was so contaminated that STD ‘s ( gonorrhoea in a H2O sample ) have been found in the Canal ( Typhoid and cholera infected the waterway in the 1970s ) .[ 47 ]The wellness hazards to country occupants has served a hurt to possible investors in the country, which resulted in the deficiency of residential, commercial and lodging in the country.[ 48 ]The H2O quality which has improved greatly over the past few old ages does non widen to the deposit ( which has n’t been dredged since 1975 ) which remains extremely contaminated.[ 49 ]Dredging itself is no easy undertaking and requires the motion of dirt to a risky containment site.[ 50 ]Even with the improved H2O quality, the EPA ( even in a preliminary appraisal ) has found taint along the full length of the canal ( including pesticides, metals and malignant neoplastic disease doing agents ( PCB ‘s ) ) .[ 51 ] Current thoughts of clean up have included hot topographic point clean up of contaminated countries, taint decrease steps, the creative activity of more wetlands, methods to better H2O quality, and the change of the H2O flow by utilizing hydrology to better H2O quality.[ 52 ]In add-on it is necessary to clean up the land H2O underneath assorted industrial installations to forestall migration of contaminated dust.[ 53 ] The merchandise of the start of the some of the clean up of the canal can be seen with the find of life within the canal including several crustaceans, fish, worms, and Phoxinus phoxinuss ( although the wellness of these animals has yet to be determined ) ,[ 54 ]which did non be even two old ages ago.[ 55 ]56 The increased community and quasi political activism including the Gowanus Canal Community Development Corporation ( GCCDC ) , the Gowanus Dredgers and Place in History are opening public cognition of the country. Events such as the Gowanus Earth Day Spring Cleaning, Red Hook Earth and Surf Parade, the Brooklyn Waterfront Bicycle Tour, and the Gowanus Oktoberfest have besides increased public consciousness. Other thoughts have included the creative activity of the Gowanus Canal Revitalization Program which has resulted in the creative activity of the three street end public unfastened infinites ( through the metropoliss Green Street Program ) .[ 57 ] In 2002, the US Army Corps of Engineers entered into a joint attempt with the NYC DEP to join forces on a $ 5 million Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Study of the Gowanus Canal.[ 58 ]This survey was initiated to assist to find the best methods to clean up the canal. New York City through all of it ‘s attempts did non take into history ( give an exact estimation ) of how much it was responsible for its contributed harm to the Canal. It did though province that it would wish to hold the money that it has besides used for ( 1 ) the feasibleness survey, and ( 2 ) has already committed $ 150 million dollars towards the betterment of the olfactory properties and forestalling sewerage discharges in the country.[ 59 ]The EPA has gone on record as stating that this was work was complimentary.[ 60 ]They have non though made any kind of statement as to whether or non this would be used to cut down the claim against the metropolis. What we should see though is that the metropolis has in fact profited greatly from the economic activity around the canal including but non limited to assorted revenue enhancements ( including belongings, gross revenues, concern, etc ) . A new fright though has arisen with the planned move of the New Jersey Nets to Brooklyn and the edifice of the new sphere and next lodging ( Barclay ‘s Center ) . With the new inflow of population and industry comes in inflow of sewerage ( which is frequently disposed into the canal. This along with rainwater has many times in the yesteryear led to floods of the system. So who is responsible for clean up? The EPA has designated nine parties as those who are responsible for the clean up of the country including New York City, the US NAVY, Con-Ed, and six other private companies.[ 61 ]There is besides probes on the manner for 20 other companies in the yesteryear who might hold polluted every bit good.[ 62 ]New York City itself was responsible for holding an asphalt mill every bit good as an incinerator which contributed to pollution in the country.[ 63 ] Political Climate in New York Concerning Superfund Status The Gowanus Canal had one of the worse pollution seen by the EPA in every bit many old ages. Walter Mugdan, regional EPA Superfund Director, was quoted as stating â€Å" Where we usually in Superfund sites may mensurate risky contaminations in parts per million or even parts per billion, in the Gowanus Canal, we ‘re mensurating them in parts per hundred. †[ 64 ]The â€Å" sludge † that was taken from the site was so acerb that it ate right through the heavy responsibility plastic that was used to incorporate it over the class of a weekend.[ 65 ] Now the Gowanus Canal is n’t the first country in New York City to be declared a Superfund site. In fact, 197 stat mis of the Hudson River, runing from the Hudson Falls to the Southern Tip of Manhattan, was declared a Superfund site over 25 old ages ago.[ 66 ] New York City Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, admits that the Gowanus Canal needs to be cleaned. He is though against the Gowanus Canal being labeled a Superfund site fearing that it could ( 1 ) flicker of judicial proceeding that could detain clean up, ( 2 ) frighten away developers in an country that the metropolis wanted to rezone for commercial and residential usage.[ 67 ]The thought of making a â€Å" Venice of Brooklyn, †[ 68 ]seems to be a spot far fetched but the thought of one would in fact conveying a possible existent estate roar to the country. The EPA counters that the â€Å" a smelly, foul and unhealthy waterway †[ 69 ]could be more of a hindrance to developers in the country. What the metropolis did n’t see is that Bankss consider the environmental conditions of belongingss prior to financing them. It is unfastened and public cognition that the Gowanus Canal is a contaminated country. So the appellation of a Superfund program listing will make a stigma i s weakened.[ 70 ] Litigation is surely a possibility. Many companies merely do n’t be any more, and at that place have been a figure of instances where companies have tried to detain or even dispute the monetary value ticket of clean up. GE ‘s current two measure escape path ( one jurisprudence suit with two statements ) via judicial proceeding is a primary illustration of a current company that is seeking to avoid paying or earnestly cut down paying in a local country.[ 71 ] In the yesteryear, some of the wellness hazards have served as hurt to the edifice of residential, commercial and lodging[ 72 ], but by rezoning this may be challenged. This fear though may be ameliorated by the fact that some past Superfund sites in the New York City metro country have become premier illustrations of great development including Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City, NY.[ 73 ] Michael Bloomberg states that his alternate clean-up method could take every bit small as 9.5 old ages at a cost of approximately $ 300 million dollars. The EPA countered that the killing and support is based on funding from the Federal Government which may non of all time come ( since the federal financess would necessitate congressional blessing[ 74 ]) .[ 75 ]The EPA counters that its program will take away from federal funding and ensures that the â€Å" defiler wages † rule is applied ( since the metropolis has no power to force defilers to pay and itself a defiler ) .[ 76 ]The EPA provinces that clean up should be between 300 and 500 million dollars and take between 10 to 12 old ages.[ 77 ]The City does hold one strong advantage in footings of velocity of the undertaking. The metropolis would get down clean up of the Canal get downing November of 2010 and entire completion would be by 2020.[ 78 ]The EPA ‘s program would affect the usage of a plan/strategy, which wou ld be completed by 2014, and the clean up would take 10 to 12 old ages from that point. This would ensue in a clean up completion day of the month of 2026. What the metropolis might genuinely be in fright of is the possibility of the Gowanus Canal turning into another Love Canal Tragedy ( which took about 25 old ages to clean up ) .[ 79 ]With a hodgepodge of resources ( the metropolis would come in into an understanding with 10-12 companies and depend on metropolis A ; province taxpayer dollars and federal appropriations[ 80 ]) every bit good at New York State itself back uping the Superfund appellation ( believing that it could non back up to clean up the canal by itself ) the metropolis faced another blow to an already weak place.[ 81 ] Ultimately, the EPA designated the Gowanus Canal a Superfund program site. With this appellation some of the proposed development such as the upwards of 477 condo and townhouses were instantly placed on clasp.[ 82 ]The undertaking proprietor stated that with the Superfund program appellation it would be impossible to acquire funding for the undertaking.[ 83 ]Second, the selling of existent estate units to a Superfund program site which is synonymous to some people to a barren is virtually impossible.[ 84 ]Third, the trouble in obtaining insurance can be a immense factor in the building in the country.[ 85 ]They besides argued with uncertainness on how long it may take to clean up the country valuable time/money resources could be wasted.[ 86 ]Gowanus Green, which has planned to construct over 774 more lodging in the country plans to go on with its undertaking. It should be noted that Gowanus Green is to a great extent financed by New York City.[ 87 ] In entire until the Superfund program appellation was to look the planned extra lodging was to be around 1400 houses ; although with clean up it is estimated it could lift to 3000 extra lodging in entire.[ 88 ]With such big extra lodging though we must see if the substructure can back up this. Are at that place adequate H2O, sewerage, parking, and educational installations available to back up such an extra population? Merely because the country can be cleaned and there is adequate infinite to construct a population does non needfully intend the substructure can to the full back up this. In add-on there are other considerations that must be taken into history. These considerations include wellness attention costs and possible judicial proceeding if ( 1 ) an unknown agent is deemed to be a cause of a possible hereafter wellness hazard, and ( 2 ) if judicial proceeding occurs that could forestall the EPA from traveling frontward at a alert gait. Concerns of implosion therapy ( which is what happened at the Love Canal and is a existent possibility sing the past events of deluging ) and oozing into occupants back paces is a strong concern. The bead in belongings value and the loss or possible occupations could ensue in the loss of 1000000s of dollars. There is the alternate point of view that the importance of the clean up should supplant any belongings value loss or occupation loss.[ 89 ]This though may be a beginning of judicial proceeding that may decelerate the undertaking of the clean up down well. In other Superfund program sites, judicial proceeding has slowed advancement of Superfund program clean up ( as in the town of Libby, Minnesota ) .[ 90 ]Surveies have farther shown that there does be decreased belongings value listings following a Superfund program listing, but after clean up belongings value does increase ( many times to flush higher degrees that it had originally been ) .[ 91 ] Beginning NYS Dept of Health[ 92 ] Beginning NYS Dept of Health[ 93 ] How to cite The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay, Free Case study samples

Analysis Of O. Henrys Art And The Bronco Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of O. Henrys Art And The Bronco Essay Analysis Of O. Henrys Art And The BroncoArt and the Bronco summaryO. Henrys Art and the Bronco tells the story of Lonny Briscoe, a cowboy who is also an aspiring artist. It follows his quest to sell his first painting to the state legislature; to have it hung in the capital building. Lonny sees the sale of the painting as validation of his talent and worth as a painter. What he ends up learning is that the actual value of the painting turns out to be secondary to what other feel they can gain from it. The story takes place in San Saba, a place trying to shed its image of barbarism, lawbreaking, and bloodshed. It presents itself as a much more refined place now, one which is now safe for tourism and business. The Legislature was lending subsidy to the arts to enhance this image. Lonnys painting is hanging in the capital building. It is a large painting one might even say panorama, depicting a cowboy and steer, hung in a gilt frame. At the capital, we are introduced to senators Kinney and Mullens, who only care about getting what they want from each other and getting re-elected. They see Lonnys painting as a means to both ends. In the beginning, Kinney sees nothing of value in Lonnys picture. In fact, he implies that it is awful, saying that he wouldnt give six bits for the picture without the frame. Mullens agrees with Kinneys assessment of the painting. He says that the painting is secondary to the artistthe grandson of Lucien Briscoe, a legendary local hero who is said to have carved the state out of the wilderness. The painting quickly fades to the background as both the senators see that pushing the state to give this heros grandson money is a quick way to gain public favor. Lonnys cowboy friends ride into town to push the paintings merits as well, adding their admiration for the gilt frame, so big and beautiful. They are very simple and undereducated, as evidenced by Skinny Rogers act of leaping away from the painting yelling Jeeming Cristopher! Thought that rattler was a gin-u-ine one, and are not as concerned about the merits of the painting as they are with the idea of one of their own getting money for it. They always speak loudly when they think there might be someone around to whom their comments might be profitably addressed. When it becomes clear to Lonny the painting has more value in what the senators stand to gain than for his artistic talent, he seeks out an expert who he hopes will give him an honest, unbiased opinion about the worth of the painting. The New York artist is self -absorbed to the extreme; he spitefully tells Lonny that his painting is horrible and that he ought to consider himself extemely lucky to sell it. He advises him to return to his true expertise, cow herding and be happy. In the end Lonny destroys his painting, saying, I thought I had a picture to sell but it wasnt one Anybody can have the frame that wants it. O. Henrys story seems to illustrate the various manifestations of greed, shown from many different frames of reference, and one persons struggle to be honest with himself in the middle his own opportunity for gain. He shows the irony of everyone missing the truth, as represented by the painting, while never failing to comment on the gilt frame, representing their selfish or fake intentions and greed.

Functions of the household (hukou) registration system in mainland China

Introduction The household registration system (hukou) was introduced in China to regulate the number of people moving from rural to urban areas. Its main functions were to control the migration of people and to help enforce the one child family planning policy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of the household (hukou) registration system in mainland China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through this system, it was difficult for the people residing in rural regions to enjoy the facilities available in urban areas. Because of its discriminatory nature, it faced a lot of opposition and some reforms had to be conducted. The reforms have led to a slight alteration of its functions in contemporary mainland China although the main one still remains as migration regulation. This paper is going to look at the functions of the hukou system in mainland China today. Discussion Although the system is currently not as powerful as it was in the 1950’s, it continues to exist in some parts of mainland China. One of its functions is resource allocation among citizens. Through this system, the government decides how national resources are to be distributed. An example is the sharing of gasoline between those in rural and those in urban areas. People in rural areas can access more of it than their urban counterparts. The urban dwellers are encouraged to use public transport since it is in good condition and it is cost effective. They therefore receive lower gasoline rations than rural citizens. Economic development in mainland China has been achieved because of this function of resource allocation. This is in contrast to the past where those with rural hukou were denied access to a number of facilities (Fan 40). The household registration system performs the vital function of population registration. Through the system, government is able to collect important data regarding its citizens. Such data is important for economic planning and resource allocation.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The hukou system serves the same purpose as the national identification systems used in other countries. It is also used to regulate business activity within mainland China. This is because it is a prerequisite for getting a business license. Therefore, before any citizen can start operating a business, the authorities can first assess the person through the information provided by the hukou and determine whether it is appropriate to give the license (Yusuf 81). Regulation of internal migration is another function of the hukou system. People who wish to migrate from one region to another have to cancel their current hukou by applying for a certificate known as the Migrant Hukou Certificate. They use this certificate temporarily as they await a permanent Hukou. It is only after the permanent h ukou has been granted that the citizen can enjoy certain privileges (Huang, 141). Public services and certain types of employment are accessible depending on the type of permit a migrant holds. Such restrictions especially on jobs discourage movement of people from one region to another particularly rural urban migration. Citizens therefore choose to move within a limited distance within which they can freely access resources. The hukou system is mandated with the transfer of permits from rural to urban hukou. The system therefore controls the levels of unemployment. If people were free to migrate from rural to urban areas, there would be a problem of urban excess as experienced in other major towns of the world. The jobs available in the cities would therefore not be enough to cater for everyone leading high levels of unemployment and poverty (Dillon 64). The hukou system performs the function of social control. There is at least one police officer at every police station whose dut y is to control and regulate the hukou registration. There are also undercover police officers in each hukou who are expected by law to watch over households within such hukou. The officers are responsible for updating information relating to each household member. Through this updated information, the police are aware of the people who require to be monitored closely within the society. The police have close contact with citizens and the overall effect of this is that national security is maintained at all times.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of the household (hukou) registration system in mainland China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the computerized hukou system, it is possible for personal information to be shared among different police departments. The system therefore helps in communication between law enforcement agencies (Wang 46). Maintenance of political stability is another funct ion that the hukou system performs. Through the police, the hukou system helps to monitor each citizen therefore people have to maintain good conduct at all times to avoid scrutiny. This helps dictators within mainland China to exercise their power without any political unrest taking place. The system also performs the function of environmental control. If people were allowed to freely move to urban centers, there would be environmental degradation due to overcrowding in such cities. Forest cover would have to be cleared to pave way for residential buildings (Wang 46). Conclusion It is therefore clear that because of the kind of data contained in the household registration system, authorities are able exercise control over citizens. It has however become easier for people to acquire urban hukou either through marriage or through inheritance from parents. One disadvantage of this system is that it poses a risk of conflict between urban and rural dwellers because of its discriminatory nature. Works Cited Dillon, Michael. Contemporary China: an introduction. London New York: Routledge, 2009.Print. Fan, Cindy. China on the move : migration, the state, and the household. London New York: Routledge, 2008. Huang, Xiaoming. The institutional dynamics of China’s great transformation. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England New York: Routledge, 2011. Wang Fei-Ling. organizing through division and exclusion: China’s Hukou system. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2005.Print. Yusuf, Shahid. China urbanizes: consequences, strategies, and policies. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2008.Print.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Functions of the household (hukou) registration system in mainland China was written and submitted by user Rihanna Nelson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Epilepsy essays

Epilepsy essays Robert J. Gumnit, a M.D., writes in his book Living Well With Epilepsy that all people suffering from seizures feel like that they are outcasts of society. They feel different than other people. They are scared to interact with others in public for fear of having a seizure and being made fun of. Some of the greatest people had seizures, such as Socrates, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Thomas Edison. People should not have to deal with this insulting everyday or even at all if possible. If people were more educated about epilepsy then they would not taunt epileptics, much less care that they even have seizures. To bystanders, convulsions look to be life threatening. The first time a person sees another have a grand mal seizure, which consists of lost of consciousness and convulsive movements of the body, they more than likely think that the person is dying. Then again, some seizures are life threatening. In a book entitled Epilepsy and the Family by Richard Lechtenburg, yet another M.D., there is a story of a woman who has a seizure while driving. The police find her dazed and confused, as well as uncooperative in the middle of a traffic jam. She was so confused she could not follow their instructions to leave the car. As a result, she was handcuffed, forcibly removed, and then booked for resisting arrest. She was injured in the struggle and lost several thousand dollars worth of cash and checks that she was carrying with her on her way to the bank. All of this happened because she wanted to conceal the fact that she had seizures, so she wore no identification saying that she had the dis order. Even with a physicians letter, she was still required to appear in court to answer to charges brought against her. She was ashamed of her disability and that is what it got her. Over a thousand dollar loss and charges brought against her just because she was too embarrassed to tell people that she had seizures. ...

Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Depression - Essay Example The humiliation they suffered and the agonies they had to endure in order to feed themselves were highlighted in news stories, pictures and reports which were seen and experienced worldwide. The first two photographs depict the agony and forlorn state of affairs of those times in an effective manner, which leaves nothing to the imagination of the beholder. Nature is a great teacher and the human race, despite its superiority to the lower animals, can succumb to its vagaries, which can have a stark similarity to an animal in distress. Floods, droughts, earthquakes, famines, war, other man made as well as natural disasters have thrown up eras of great tragedy and human suffering, which can be heart rending when looked at retrospectively. The 1936 photographs by Dorothea Lange showing a mother with her children tell a story which is not at all difficult to interpret for a person with basic intelligence. The despondency is clear in expression in the mother as well as the elder child whose face though hidden from view in the second photograph, show emotions of despair, desperation and the sense of resignation. The empty bowl in front of the woman indicates the state of affairs and depicts the shortage of food which was prevalent in that era. When such basic necessities are not met, it inflicts great damage to the psyche of the sufferer, which is clearly reflected in the facial expression of the mother. She seems intelligent enough to be aware of the gravity of the situation she seems to be in. The bowed heads of both mother and child indicate depression as the dominant emotion as depicted in their expression as well as demeanor. Obviously they are suffering from lack of food, shelter and seem to be resigned to their fa te. The little baby held fondly by the mother seems to have been lulled to sleep after suffering pangs of hunger. The little boy is shown clinging to the pole in order to support himself. His eyes are closed, either in

International Financial Theory on the basis of Empirical Evidence Essay

International Financial Theory on the basis of Empirical Evidence - Essay Example The PPP theory states that there will be price equalization of goods internationally once they are measured in the same currency due to arbitrage forces (Pilbeam, 2006). This theory is based on the law of one price, which states that identical products when sold in different markets will sell at the same price when expressed in common currency. The main assumptions for this law to hold good are the presence of a competitive market structure, absence of transport costs and other barriers to trade (Sarno and Taylor, 2002).There are two types of purchasing power parity; the absolute and relative power parity. The absolute power parity theory states that a rise in the home price level relative to the foreign price level will result in an equivalent depreciation of the home currency against the foreign currency. Relative power parity states that there will be adjustments for the exchange rate by the amount of inflation differential between two countries (Pilbeam, 2006). The main problem w ith the PPP theory is that it does not distinguish between traded and non-traded goods. Many studies have shown that this distinction is important for testing PPP since traded goods are determined mainly by international competition while non-traded goods are influenced by domestic supply and demand conditions (Officer, 1976, 1986). At the same time, some other authors have showed distinction between traded and non-traded goods as unclear (Sarno and Taylor, 2002).The other limitations are the assumptions underlying the PPP theory like perfect competition, absence of transport costs and barriers to trade which are questionable. Further, it is very difficult to find identical products to be compared for testing PPP in different countries (Rogoff, 1996). Thus PPP is theoretically ambiguous and remains and empirical question. Three types of empirical evidence for PPP have been done .They are based on graphical representations, simplistic data analysis and

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Knowledge Management - Essay Example There are no doubts in the fact that the business environment of this globalised world has been changed radically due to the revolution that the world has witnessed in information technology. The marketplace has become increasingly competitive, competition is becoming cutthroat, suppliers have become intelligent, customers have become more demanding, and substitutes are increasing in number. General Electric is the only corporation which has been able to survive amongst the top 10 companies that appeared on the Dow Jones Index in 1900. Furthermore, only four out of the Fortune 500 companies of 1900 were able to make it to the 21st century (Davenport & Prusak, 2000, pp. 20-21). It appears that the marketplace is now operating on the principle that used to govern the earliest human societies, â€Å"survival of the fittest†. Alice Carol once wrote something which perfectly depicts the business environment of today. â€Å"Now here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep you in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that† (Rao, 2005, p. 36). In order to ensure that organisations are â€Å"running twice as fast†, they have come up with a variety of procedures and techniques to improve their profitability, productivity and exploit all possible opportunities. Knowledge management is amongst one of them. The raw material, which was made available to them, included steel drums, logs, pontoons, and some rope. However, the real catch was that these managers, from different countries, were not allowed to communicate with uttering a single word from their mouth (Voelpel & Han, 2005, pp. 55-56). Therefore, the communication was talking place with the help of diagrams and sentences on the flip charts.

The Lottery and A Good Man Is Hard to Find Analysis

The Lottery and A Good Man Is Hard to Find Analysis Fiction/Short Story Essay In both of the short stories, The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor, both authors use characterization, character names, and symbolism to portray their characters values and beliefs and their strengths and weaknesses in a similar yet different matter. The characters names and symbols in each story support the theme of each story that they were created in. A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor seemed to use the more modern for the time the book was written and basic description of evil-good people who face the wrath of a disturbed man for no reason. The story was far more complex than just its description of evil, and was interesting in many ways, but not so much interesting in its depiction of the evil character. Overall, Id say the story supported traditional thoughts about what a disturbed character was, the Misfit, someone who was a criminal and who killed those who crossed him with little to no reason. The Misfit can be seen as more evil if one looks at the story more literally and to a deeper point, understanding the grandmother as his actual biological mother. However, this would mostly serve to support the nature of the disturbed characters that already exists. A person who would kill his own mother for any reason would likely fit into anyones classical definition of disturbed. The main disturbed characters in this sho rt story are: The Grandmother and the Misfit. The Grandmother is the manipulator in the story, she doesnt want to go to Florida because shes got relatives to see in Tennessee and seizing at every chance to change Baileys mind. (OConnor 567). To try and gets her way, she trying to scare her son with reports of a criminal on the loose and guilt trip him about taking his children there. This is said by the grandmother: Just you read it. I wouldnt take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it. I couldnt answer to my conscience if I did. (OConnor 567). With the Misfit, he was the mysterious criminal who had run into the family and killed them all as he assumed that they were in his way of escaping. His moment of zenith was him saying: I found out the crime dont matter. You can do one thing or you can do another, kill a man or take a tire off his car, because sooner or later youre going to forget what it was you done and just be punished for it (OConnor 578). Th e symbols in the story are the Misfits car, the dark forest, and the cloudless, sunless sky; each of these foreshadowed the events of death were to come. I didnt see The Lottery by Shirley Jackson as portraying a disturbed character, but more as disturbing ways in their society. While there were sinful deeds being done, it would be nearly impossible to pin them on any modern individuals in the story, and therefore is slightly different from the other story that we have read and discussed. However, the evil is presented as taking the lives of innocents, a common theme wherever evil is presented. The main characters in this story are: Tessie Hutchinson, Old Man Warner, Mr. Summers, Bill Hutchinson, and Mr. Harry Graves. Tessie was the unlucky one of the drawing and was stoned to death, she is a type of hypocrite in the story. That she is excited to participate in the lottery, but objects when her family name is called, it is now unfair. As shouted by Tessie to her husband: Tessie Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers. You didnt give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasnt fair! (Jackson 6) Mr. Warner was the oldest, and declare that this prevents the barbaric state from returning to the village. Mr. Graves helps with the lottery, as well as Mr. Summers assisting in the ritual. The symbols in this story are: The lottery as the main importance of the day as it is meant to be as a human sacrifice to the higher beings, the black box as to symbolize the choice as to who will die today, the stool could represent the holy trinity, and the stones as a way to generate a crowd to come and watch and/or participate. The Lottery had started as a way to sacrifice for a good growing season, but soon became a routine in their daily lives annually. Both of these stories have similar thematic connections within them to match up with the Southern Gothic genera, as defined as disturbed people doing disturbing things. Jackson and OConnor use central characters to show how men have the power to misrepresent reality into something the people accept into everyday life as a tradition in The Lottery said in the story they half listened to the directions, (Jackson 4) and in A Good Man Is Hard to Find the character, Misfit, does not remember why he was locked up, but killed the family to save them from sinning again in order to keep up his mind straight. Both stories were shocking in their grade of disturbing and callousness, and I agree with both authors representation of the nature of disturbing and the way people respond to it. In both of the short stories, The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor, both authors use characterization, character names, and symbolism to portray their characters values and beliefs and their strengths and weaknesses in a similar yet different matter. In this way they show that years apart from each other, the Southern Gothic genera will remain the same. As for the similarities between all the characters in both short stories, they will remain the same and have fatal endings. In A Good Man Is Hard to Find it is a more traditional evil represented throughout, while in The Lottery it represent an evil and disturbed society they live in. Citation Page Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery PDF in Canvas. 1948 OConnor, Flannery A Good Man Is Hard to Find. Written Communications II: Reading,  Writing, Researching, Citing. Edited by Spencer Richardson-Jones. W.W. Norton and  Company, 2014. Pp. 567-590 OConnor, Flannery. A good man is hard to find. New Canadian Library, 2015. Jackson, Shirley. The lottery and other stories. Macmillan, 2005. Lohafer, Susan. The short story. The Cambridge Companion to American Fiction After 1945 (2012): 68.

Witches :: essays research papers

Witches American history has few subjects as interesting as witchcraft, because it confronts us with many Ideas about women. It confronts us with fears about women, the place of women in society, and with women themselves. Also, it confronts us with violence against women and how the problems of society were often blamed on women. Even though some men were executed as during periods of witch hunting, witches were generally thought of as women and most who died in the name of witchcraft were women. In the United States, witchcraft took place among too educated of people to dismiss it as mere "superstition." (P.10) The first person that was executed, as a witch, in America was Margaret Jones, in 1648. Jones was a midwife and lay healer, who was accused of several different practices. Minister John Hale, who witnessed Jones's hanging in Boston when he was a boy, later said that she "was suspected partly because that after some angry words passing between her and her Neighbors, some mischief befell such neighbors in their Creatures, or the like: [and] partly because some things supposed to be bewitched, or have a Charm upon them, being burned, she came to the fire and seemed concerned." (P.20) Hale included neither of these charges in his list of the evidence presented against Jones, but suggested that the crimes had to do with her medical practice. She was accused of having a "malignant touch," Hale noted, and her medicines were said to have "extraordinary violent effects." When people refused to take her medical advice, he added, "their diseases and hurts continued, with relapse against the ordinary course, and beyond the apprehension of all physicians and surgeons."(P.21) Hale also mentioned that Jones was believed to possess psychic powers: "some things which she foretold came to pass accordingly; other things she could tell of ... she had no ordinary means to come to the knowledge of."(P.20) John Hale pointed out that several of Jones's neighbors tried to get her to confess and repent. One of them, he said, "prayed her to consider if God did not bring this punishment upon her for some other crime, and asked, if she had not been guilty of stealing many years ago." (P.22)Jones admitted the theft, but she refused to accept it as a reason for her conviction as a witch. Hale's writings, on the other hand, showed that stealing, and other crimes such as fornication and infanticide, were regularly associated with witchcraft, by both the clergy and the larger population . . . " (p. 22) This first account, in Karlsens' study, brings to the surface some of